— 3 min read

Public Key Pinning is a security feature that tells a web browser to associate a public cryptographic key with a server or servers. When a web browser visits a website for the first time, it will read the HPKP header and store the hashes for the certificates that are provided. Each time the browser then revisits that website, the hash from the provided public key is compared against the stored keys, if the hashes do not match, the web browser should display a warning.

The HPKP header adds protection against man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks but, if incorrectly configured can make your website display a TLS error for a long period of time.

Here’s a look at what this website publishes as it’s HKPK header.

Public-Key-Pins: pin-sha256="cYf9T3Il8DaCnaMaM0LatIAru1vqmcu2JSwS7uvyEB0=";
                 pin-sha256="u2q8QZ8Hjp3o/efZjsch9NKjnZmrISJQjwoi/rmsKLU=";
                 max-age=15768000; includeSubDomains

To explain it, the first pin-sha265 key is the hash of the public key that …

 — 2 min read

Pound is a great little load balancer, it’s fast, opensource and supports SSL termination, which is great!

Install

sudo apt-get install pound

Configuration

The default configuration should be pretty good for most purposes, but feel free to tweak as you require.

HTTP

We’ll first look at load balancing HTTP, in case you don’t want or need HTTPS load balancing.

We’ll need delete all the content within ListenHTTP block, once done it should look like this

ListenHTTP
End

Now we add an address and port to listen on and finally a line to remove an HTTP header

ListenHTTP
    Address 0.0.0.0 # all interfaces
    Port 80
    HeadRemove "X-Forwarded-For"
End

This is a basic configuration, for each backend we want to load balance we’ll need to add a service within that listener.

You’ll notice we’re removing incoming headers called X-Forwarded-For, this is to make …